| Единицы можно найти по категориям / The units may be found either by looking under the in which they are used, (length energy etc.) |
category |
| или по алфавиту / or by picking one unit from an alphabetically ordered | list of units. |
| Введение в систему СИ / There is an outline of the | S I system, |
| Семь главных единиц системы СИ / a list of its 7 basic | definitions, |
| Некоторые производные единицы СИ / some of its | derived units, |
| Список префиксов / together with a list of all the | S I prefixes, |
| И как ими пользоваться / and some of the rules and conventions for | its usage. |
| Немного истории / On the subject of measures generally, there is a short | historical note. |
| О метрической системе / Then there are descriptions of the | Metric system, |
| Британская система мер / and the | U K (Imperial) system, |
| followed by statements on the implementation of | 'metrication' in the U K, |
| Система измерений США / and then the | U S system of measures. |
| Публикации / At the bottom of this document is a | list of other sources, |
| Ссылки на другие сайты / and also some links to other | Web sites. |
| Finally there are some | notes on this material . |
Category Name Abbrev. Length metre m Mass kilogram kg Time second s Electric current ampere A Temperature kelvin K Amount of substance mole mol Luminous intensity candela cd |
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|
|
The Prefixes of the S I - ПРЕФИКСЫ (Приставки)-
The S I allows the
sizes of units to be made bigger or smaller by the use of appropriate prefixes.
SI позволяет увеличивать или уменьшать размеры единиц через префиксы.
For example, the electrical unit of a watt is not a big unit even in terms of
ordinary household use, so it is generally used in terms of 1000 watts at a
time. The prefix for 1000 is kilo so we use kilowatts[kW] as our unit of
measurement. For makers of electricity, or bigger users such as industry, it is
common to use megawatts[MW] or even gigawatts[GW]. The full range of prefixes
with their [symbols or abbreviations] and their multiplying factors which are
also given in other forms is
В таблице дан весь диапазон префиксов, их множители и другие
наименования
yotta [Y] 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10^24
zetta [Z] 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10^21
exa [E] 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10^18
peta [P] 1 000 000 000 000 000 = 10^15
tera [T] 1 000 000 000 000 = 10^12
giga [G] 1 000 000 000 (a thousand millions = a billion)
mega [M] 1 000 000 (a million)
kilo [k] 1 000 (a thousand)
hecto [h] 100 (a hundred)
deca [da]10 (ten)
1
deci [d] 0.1 (a tenth)
centi [c] 0.01 (a hundredth)
milli [m] 0.001 (a thousandth)
micro [µ] 0.000 001 (a millionth)
nano [n] 0.000 000 001 (a thousand millionth)
pico [p] 0.000 000 000 001 = 10^-12
femto [f] 0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10^-15
atto [a] 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10^-18
zepto [z] 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10^-21
yocto [y] 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10^-24
Nearly
all of the S I prefixes are multiples (kilo to yotta) or sub-multiples (milli to
yocto) of 1000.
However, these are inconvenient for many purposes and so
hecto, deca, deci, and centi are also
used.
deca also appears as deka [da] or [dk] in the USA
and Contintental Europe. So much for standards!
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document
|
| One of the earliest types of measurement concerned that of length.
These measurements were usually based on parts of the body. A well
documented example (the first) is the Egyptian cubit which was derived
from the length of the arm from the elbow to the outstretched finger tips.
By 2500 BC this had been standardised in a royal master cubit made of
black marble (about 52 cm). This cubit was divided into 28 digits (roughly
a finger width) which could be further divided into fractional parts, the
smallest of these being only just over a millimetre.
In England units of measurement were not properly standardised until the 13th century, though variations (and abuses) continued until long after that. For example, there were three different gallons (ale, wine and corn) up until 1824 when the gallon was standardised. In the U S A the system of weights and measured first adopted was that of the English, though a few differences came in when decisions were made at the time of standardisation in 1836. For instance, the wine-gallon of 231 cubic inches was used instead of the English one (as defined in 1824) of about 277 cubic inches. The U S A also took as their standard of dry measure the old Winchester bushel of 2150.42 cubic inches, which gave a dry gallon of nearly 269 cubic inches. Even as late as the middle of the 20th century there were some differences in UK and US measures which were nominally the same. The UK inch measured 2.53998 cm while the US inch was 2.540005 cm. Both were standardised at 2.54 cm in July 1959, though the U S continued to use 'their' value for several years in land surveying work - this too is slowly being metricated. In France the metric system officially started in June 1799 with the declared intent of being 'For all people, for all time'. The unit of length was the metre which was defined as being one ten-millionth part of a quarter of the earth's circumference. The production of this standard required a very careful survey to be done which took several years. However, as more accurate instruments became available so the 'exactness' of the standard was called into question. Later efforts were directed at finding some absolute standard based on an observable physical phenomenon. Over two centuries this developed into the S I. So maybe their original slogan was more correct than anyone could have foreseen then. |
Length Area 10 millimetres = 1 centimetre 100 sq. mm = 1 sq. cm 10 centimetres = 1 decimeter 10 000 sq. cm = 1 sq. metre 10 decimetres = 1 metre 100 sq. metres = 1 are 10 metres = 1 decametre 100 ares = 1 hectare 10 decametres = 1 hectometre 10 000 sq. metres = 1 hectare 10 hectometres = 1 kilometre 100 hectares = 1 sq. kilometre 1000 metres = 1 kilometre 1 000 000 sq. metres = 1 sq. kilometre Volume Capacity 1000 cu. mm = 1 cu. cm 10 millilitres = 1 centilitre 1000 cu. cm = 1 cu. decimetre 10 centilitree = 1 decilitre 1000 cu. dm = 1 cu. metre 10 decilitres = 1 litre 1 million cu. cm = 1 cu. metre 1000 litres = 1 cu. metre Mass 1000 grams = 1 kilogram 1000 kilograms = 1 tonne |
Length Area
12 inches = 1 foot 144 sq. inches = 1 square foot
3 feet = 1 yard 9 sq. feet = 1 square yard
22 yards = 1 chain 4840 sq. yards = 1 acre
10 chains = 1 furlong 640 acres = 1 square mile
8 furlongs = 1 mile
5280 feet = 1 mile
1760 yards = 1 mile Capacity
20 fluid ounces = 1 pint
Volume 4 gills = 1 pint
1728 cu. inches = 1 cubic foot 2 pints = 1 quart
27 cu. feet = 1 cubic yard 4 quarts = 1 gallon (8 pints)
Mass (Avoirdupois)
437.5 grains = 1 ounce Troy Weights
16 ounces = 1 pound (7000 grains) 24 grains = 1 pennyweight
14 pounds = 1 stone 20 pennyweights = 1 ounce (480 grains)
8 stones = 1 hundredweight [cwt] 12 ounces = 1 pound (5760 grains)
20 cwt = 1 ton (2240 pounds)
Apothecaries' Measures Apothecaries' Weights
20 minims = 1 fl.scruple 20 grains = 1 scruple
3 fl.scruples = 1 fl.drachm 3 scruples = 1 drachm
8 fl.drachms = 1 fl.ounce 8 drachms = 1 ounce (480 grains)
20 fl.ounces = 1 pint 12 ounces = 1 pound (5760 grains)
|
| 1 yard = 0.9144 metres - same in US 1 pound = 0.453 592 37 kilograms - same in US 1 gallon = 4.546 09 litres - different in US |
| There have been three major Weights and Measures Acts in recent times
(1963, 1976 and 1985) all gradually abolishing various units, as well
re-defining the standards. All the Apothecaries' measures are now gone,
and of the Troy measures, only the ounce remains. The legislation decreed
that -
From the 1st October 1995, for economic, public health, public safety and administrative purposes, only metric units were to be allowed EXCEPT that -
The following could continue to be used WITHOUT time limit -
That was how the legislation was framed. In common usage the 'old' units are still very apparent. |
| Some other dates of
note 1950 The Hodgson Report was published which, after arguing all the points for and against, favoured a change to metric. 1963 Weights and Measures Act defined the basic measures of the 'yard' and the 'pound' in terms of the 'metre' and the 'kilogram'. Many of the old imperial measures were abolished (drachm, scruple, minim, chaldron, quarter, rod, pole, perch, and a few more) 1971 Currency was Decimalised 1985 Weights and Measures Act abolished several more imperial measures for purposes of trade, and defined the 'gallon' in terms of the 'litre'. Thus, all the measures had been metricated even if the
public hadn't! |
Length Area
12 inches = 1 foot 144 sq. inches = 1 square foot
3 feet = 1 yard 9 sq. feet = 1 square yard
220 yards = 1 furlong 4840 sq. yards = 1 acre
8 furlongs = 1 mile 640 acres = 1 square mile
5280 feet = 1 mile 1 sq.mile = 1 section
1760 yards = 1 mile 36 sections = 1 township
Volume
1728 cu. inches = 1 cubic foot
27 cu. feet = 1 cubic yard
Capacity (Dry) Capacity (Liquid)
16 fluid ounces = 1 pint
2 pints = 1 quart 4 gills = 1 pint
8 quarts = 1 peck 2 pints = 1 quart
4 pecks = 1 bushel 4 quarts = 1 gallon (8 pints)
Mass
437.5 grains = 1 ounce Troy Weights
16 ounces = 1 pound (7000 grains) 24 grains = 1 pennyweight
14 pounds = 1 stone 20 pennyweights = 1 ounce (480 grains)
100 pounds = 1 hundredweight [cwt] 12 ounces = 1 pound (5760 grains)
20 cwt = 1 ton (2000 pounds)
Apothecaries' Measures Apothecaries' Weights
60 minims = 1 fl.dram 20 grains = 1 scruple
8 fl.drams = 1 fl.ounce 3 scruples = 1 dram
16 fl.ounces = 1 pint 8 drams = 1 ounce (480 grains)
12 ounces = 1 pound (5760 grains) |
| 1 yard = 0.9144 metres - same as UK 1 pound = 0.453 592 37 kilograms - same as UK 1 gallon (liquid) = 3.785 411 784 litres 1 bushel = 35.239 070 166 88 litres |
| Units are listed in alphabetical order. Scanning can be
speeded up by selecting the initial letter of the unit from these individual letters or groups |
| A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - IJ - K - L - M N - O - PQ - R - S - T - UVW - XYZ |
The S I unit of length is the metre . Все меры длины приведены к единице СИ - метру. To change any of these other
units of length into their equivalent values in metres use the operation
and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Множители отмеченные
знаком # - точны, остальные даны приблизительно. Other values
are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. Where some uncertainty is
indicated it means that a good idea of the size of the unit can be given but
that a better value would depend upon knowing the period and/or culture in which
the unit was being used. Когда указан разброс величин, значит, что точная величина есть, но она зависит от
эпохи или культуры
Note than in matters concerned with land
measurements, for the most accurate work, it is necessary to establish whether
the US survey measures are being used or not.
angstroms divide by 10 000 000 000 # astronomical units x 149 598 550 000 barleycorns x 0.008 467 centimetres x 0.01 # chains (surveyors') x 20.1168 # cubits x (0.45 to 0.5) ells (UK) x 0.875 (but many variations) ems (pica) x 0.004 233 3 fathoms x 1.8288 # feet (UK and US) x 0.3048 # feet (US survey) x 0.304 800 609 6 furlongs x 201.168 # hands x 0.1016 # inches x 0.0254 # kilometres x 1000 # leagues x (4000 to 5000) light years x 9 460 500 000 000 000 links (surveyors') x 0.201 168 # metres [m] 1 microns (=micrometres) x 0.000 001 # miles (UK and US) x 1609.344 # miles (nautical) x 1852 # parsecs x 30 856 770 000 000 000 perch (=rods or poles) x 5.0292 # picas (computer) x 0.004 233 333 picas (printers') x 0.004 217 518 points (computer) x 0.000 352 777 8 points (printers') x 0.000 351 459 8 yards x 0.9144 # |
The S I unit of area is the square metre. To change any of these other units of area into their equivalent values in square metres use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. Множители отмеченные знаком # - точны, остальные даны приблизительно. Where some uncertainty is indicated it means that a good idea of the size of the unit can be given but that a better value would depend upon knowing the period and/or culture in which the unit was being used. Note than in matters concerned with land measurements, for the most accurate work, it is necessary to establish whether the US survey measures are being used or not.
acres x 4046.856 422 4 # ares x 100 # circular inches x 0.000 506 707 479 hectares x 10 000 # hides x 485 000 (with wide variations) roods x 1011.714 105 6 # square centimetres x 0.000 1 # square feet (UK and US) x 0.092 903 04 # square feet (US survey) x 0.092 903 411 613 square inches x 0.000 645 16 # square kilometres x 1 000 000 # square metres 1 square miles x 2 589 988.110 336 # square millimetres x 0.000 001 # squares (of timber) x 9.290 304 # square rods (or poles) x 25.292 852 64 # square yards x 0.836 127 36 # townships x 93 239 571.972 |
The S I unit of volume is the cubic metre. However, this seems to be much
less used than the litre Единиица объема СИ - кубический метр, но литр используется чаще. (1000 litres = 1 cubic metre).To change any of
these other units of volume into their equivalent values in litres use
the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact.
Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy.Множители отмеченные
знаком # - точны, остальные даны приблизительно.
The
litre. There can be some ambiguity about the size of the litre. When the
metric system was introduced in the 1790's the litre was intended to match up
with the volume occupied by 1 kilogram of pure water at a specified pressure and
temperature. As the ability to measure things got better (by 100 years later)
they found that there was a mismatch between the kilogram and the litre. As a
result of this they had to redefine the litre (in 1901) as being 1.000028
cubic decimetres. Very handy!
This nonsense was stopped in 1964 when it was
ruled that the word "litre" may be employed as a special name for the cubic
decimetre, with the additional recommendation that for really accurate work, to
avoid any possible confusion, the litre should not be used.
Here the
litre is taken as being a cubic decimetre.
barrels (oil) x 158.987 294 928 # bushels (UK) x 36.368 72 # bushels (US) x 35.239 070 166 88 # centilitres x 0.01 # cubic centimetres x 0.001 # cubic decimetres 1 cubic decametres x 1 000 000 # cubic feet x 28.316 846 592 # cubic inches x 0.016 387 064 # cubic metres x 1000 # cubic millimetres x 0.000 001 # cubic yards x 764.554 857 984 # decilitres x 0.1 # fluid ounces (UK) x 0.028 413 062 5 # fluid ounces (US) x 0.029 573 529 562 5 # gallons (UK) x 4.546 09 # gallons, dry (US) x 4.404 883 770 86 # gallons, liquid (US) x 3.785 411 784 # litres [l or L] 1 litres (1901 - 1964) x 1.000 028 millilitres x 0.001 # pints (UK) x 0.568 261 25 # pints, dry (US) x 0.550 610 471 357 5 # pints, liquid (US) x 0.473 176 473 # quarts (UK) x 1.136 522 5 # quarts, dry (US) x 1.101 220 942 715 # quarts, liquid (US) x 0.946 352 946 # |
The S I unit of mass is the kilogram. To change any of these other units of mass into their equivalent values in kilograms use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. Множители отмеченные знаком # - точны, остальные даны приблизительно.
carats, metric x 0.000 2 # grains x 0.000 064 798 91 # grams x 0.001 # hundredweights, long x 50.802 345 44 # hundredweights, short x 45.359 237 # kilograms [kg] 1 ounces, avoirdupois x 0.028 349 523 125 # ounces, troy x 0.031 103 476 8 # pounds x 0.453 592 37 # slugs (or g-pounds) x 14.593 903 stones x 6.350 293 18 # tons (UK or long) x 1016.046 908 8 # tons (US or short) x 907.184 74 # tonnes x 1000 # |
There have been five main temperature scales, each one being named after the
person who invented it.
G D FAHRENHEIT (1686-1736) a German physicist, in
about 1714 proposed the first practical scale. He called the freezing-point of
water 32 degrees (so as to avoid negative temperatures) and the boiling-point
212 degrees.
R A F de REAUMUR (1673-1757) A French entomologist, proposed a
similar scale in 1730, but set the freezing-point at 0 degrees and the
boiling-point at 80 degrees. This was used quite a bit but is now
obsolete.
Anders CELSIUS (1701-1744) a Swedish astronomer, proposed the
100-degree scale (from 0 to 100) in 1742. This was widely adopted as the
centigrade scale. But since grades and centigrades were also measures of angle,
in 1947 it officially became the Celsius scale. Also, the S I system of units
gives preference to naming units after people where possible.
William
Thomson, 1st Lord KELVIN (1824-1907) a Scottish mathematician and physicist,
worked with J P Joule - about 1862 - to produce an absolute scale of temperature
based on laws of heat rather than the freezing/boiling-points of water. This
work produced the idea of 'absolute zero', a temperature below which it was not
possible to go. Its value is -273.15 degrees on the Celsius scale.
William J
M RANKINE (1820-1872) a Scottish engineer and scientist, promoted the Kelvin
scale in its Fahrenheit form, when the equivalent value of absolute zero is
-459.67 degrees Fahrenheit.
Nowadays, while scientists use the KELVIN scale,
the CELSIUS scale is the preferred scale in our everyday lives. However, the
Fahrenheit scale is still widely used and there frequently is a need to be able
to change from one to the other.
To change temperature given in Fahrenheit (F) to Celsius (C)Start with (F); subtract 32; multiply by 5; divide by 9; the answer is (C) Переход Ф - С: Из (Ф) вычти 32, умнож на 5, раздели на 9, получишь (C)To change temperature given in Celsius (C) to Fahrenheit (F)Start with (C); multiply by 9; divide by 5; add on 32; the answer is (F) Переход С - Ф: (C) умнож на 9, раздели на 5, прибавь 32, получишь (Ф) |
Line density is a measure of mass per unit length. The S I compatible unit of line density is kilograms/metre. Линейная плотность измеряеся величиной массы на единицу длины. Чаще всего она используется в текстильной промышленности как мера плотности ткани или нити. Для этой цели единица СИ слишком велика, так что используется Tекс. (1 текс=1 г на км). A major use of line density is in the textile industry to indicate the coarseness of a yarn or fibre. For that purpose the SI unit is rather large so the preferred unit there is the tex. (1 tex = 1 gram/kilometre) To change any of these other units of line density into their equivalent values in kilograms/metre use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. Множители отмеченные знаком # - точны, остальные даны приблизительно.
denier divide by 9 000 000 # drex divide by 10 000 000 # grams/centimetre divide by 10 # grams/kilometre (tex) divide by 1 000 000 # grams/metre divide by 1000 # grams/millimetre 1 kilograms/kilometre divide by 1000 # kilograms/metre 1 milligrams/centimetre divide by 10 000 # milligrams/millimetre divide by 1000 # ounces/inch x 1.116 125 ounces/foot x 0.093 01 pounds/inch x 17.858 pounds/foot x 1.488 164 pounds/yard x 0.496 055 pounds/mile x 0.000 281 849 tex divide by 1 000 000 # tons(UK)/mile x 0.631 342 tons(US)/mile x 0.563 698 tonnes/kilometre 1 |
Density is the shortened term generally used in place of the more accurate
description volumetric density. It is a measure of mass per unit volume.
The S I compatible unit of density is kilograms/cubic metre. However,
this a rather large unit for most purposes (iron is over 7000, wood is about 600
and even cork is over 200). A much more useful size of unit is
kilograms/litre (for which the previous values then become 7, 0.6 and 0.2
respectively). This unit also has the great advantage of being numerically
unchanged for grams/cubic centimetre and tonnes/cubic metre (or megagrams/cubic
metre). To change any of these other units of density into their equivalent
values in kilograms/litre use the operation and conversion factor given.
- Объемная плотность (точный термин) - измеряется в кг/кубический метр.
Но более удобно использовать килограмм на литр. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate
degree of accuracy. Множители отмеченные
знаком # - точны, остальные даны приблизительно.
grains/gallon(UK) divide by 70 157 grains/gallon(US) divide by 58 418 grams/cubic centimetre 1 grams/litre divide by 1000 # grams/millilitre 1 kilograms/cubic metre divide by 1000 # megagrams/cubic metre 1 milligrams/millilitre divide by 1000 # milligrams/litre divide by 1 000 000 # kilograms/litre 1 ounces/cubic inch x 1.729 994 044 ounces/gallon(UK) x 0.006 236 023 ounces/gallon(US) x 0.007 489 152 pounds/cubic inch x 27.679 905 pounds/cubic foot x 0.016 018 463 pounds/gallon(UK) x 0.099 776 373 pounds/gallon(US) x 0.119 826 427 tonnes/cubic metre 1 tons(UK)/cubic yard x 1.328 939 184 tons(US)/cubic yard x 1.186 552 843 |
| International Table calorie = cal(IT) = международная (табличная) калория
thermochemical calorie = cal(th) = термохимическая калория mean calorie = cal(mean) = средняя калория 15 degree C calorie = cal(15C) = 15-ти градусная калория 20 degree C calorie = cal(20C). = 20-ти градусная калория |
British thermal units(IT)x 1055.056
Btu (th) x 1054.350
Btu (mean) x 1055.87
calories - cal (IT) x 4.1868 #
- cal (th) x 4.184 #
- cal (mean) x 4.190 02
- cal (15C) x 4.185 80
- cal (20C) x 4.181 90
Calorie (food) x 4186 (approx.)
centigrade heat units x 1900.4
ergs divide by 10 000 000 #
foot pounds-force x 1.355 818
foot poundals x 0.042 140
gigajoules [GJ] x 1000 000 000 #
horsepower hours x 2 684 520 (approx.)
joules [J] 1
kilocalories (IT) x 4186.8 #
kilocalories (th) x 4184 #
kilogram-force metres x 9.806 65 #
kilojoules [kJ] x 1000 #
kilowatt hours [kWh] x 3 600 000 #
megajoules [MJ] x 1 000 000 #
newton metres [Nm] x 1 #
therms x 105 500 000 (approx.)
watt seconds [Ws] 1
watt hours [Wh] x 3600 #
|
The S I unit of force is the newton. To change any of these other units of force into their equivalent values in newtons use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. Множители отмеченные знаком # - точны, остальные даны приблизительно.
dynes divide by 100 000 # kilograms force x 9.806 65 # kilonewtons [kN] x 1000 # kips x 4448.222 meganewtons [MN] x 1 000 000 # newtons [N] 1 pounds force x 4.448 222 poundals x 0.138 255 sthenes (=kN) x 1000 tonnes force x 9806.65 # tons(UK) force x 9964.016 tons(US) force x 8896.443 |
Fuel consumption of any means of transport (car, aeroplane, ship etc.) that
uses fuel is a measure giving the relationship between the distance travelled
for an amount of fuel used. Даются все переходы между разными бытующими оценками расхода горючего на
пройденное расстояние. С точностью до 4й значимой цифры. The most common example is the car where it is
usually expressed (in English-speaking countries) in miles per gallon.
It
could also be expressed in gallons per mile. However, for a car the latter
method gives a rather small figure: 35 miles per gallon is about 0.0286 gallons
per mile. In that case it would be better to give a figure for 100 miles, so it
would be 2.86 gallons per 100 miles. That is the metric way of expressing fuel
consumption - as litres per 100 kilometres.
From regular enquiries it
appears that in real life people are using all sorts of ways of expressing their
fuel consumption, so this section (unlike all the others) tries to cover as many
ways as possible. All the values are given to an accuracy of 4 significant
figures.
To change into miles per gallon (UK) miles per gallon (US) multiply by 0.833 miles per gallon (UK) miles per litre multiply by 0.22 miles per litre miles per gallon (UK) multiply by 4.546 miles per gallon (UK) kilometres per litre multiply by 0.354 miles per gallon (US) miles per gallon (UK) multiply by 1.2 miles per gallon (US) miles per litre multiply by 0.2642 miles per litre miles per gallon (US) multiply by 3.785 miles per gallon (US) kilometres per litre multiply by 0.4251 X miles per gallon gallons per 100 miles: divide 100 by X (both gallons must of the same type) X miles per gallon (UK) litres per 100 km: divide 282.5 by X X miles per gallon (US) litres per 100 km: divide 235.2 by X X km per litre litres per 100 km: divide 100 by X X miles per litre litres per 100 km: divide 62.14 by X |
Btu/hour x 0.293 071 Btu/minute x 17.584 267 Btu/second x 1055.056 calories/hour x 0.001 163 # calories/minute x 0.069 78 # calories/second x 4.1868 # ft lb-force/minute x 0.022 597 ft lb-force/second x 1.355 82 gigawatts [GW] x 1 000 000 000 horsepower (electric) x 746 # horsepower (metric) x 735.499 watts [W] 1 joules/hour divide by 3600 # joules/minute divide by 60 # joules/second 1 kilocalories/hour x 1.163 kilocalories/minute x 69.78 kg-force metres/hour x 0.002 724 kg-force metres/minute x 0.163 444 kilowatts [kW] x 1000 # megawatts [MW] x 1 000 000 # |
The S I unit of pressure is the pascal. The units of pressure are defined in the same way as those for stress - force/unit area. To change any of these other units of pressure (or stress) into their equivalent values in pascals use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. Множители отмеченные знаком # - точны, остальные даны приблизительно. Measures based on water assume a density of 1 kg/litre - a value which is rarely matched in the real world, though the error is small.
atmospheres x 101 325 # bars x 100 000 # centimetres of mercury x 1333.22 centimetres of water x 98.066 5 # feet of water x 2989.066 92 # hectopascals [hPa] x 100 # inches of water x 249.088 91 # inches of mercury x 3386.388 kg-force/sq.centimetre x 98 066.5 # kg-force/sq.metre x 9.806 65 # kilonewton/sq.metre x 1000 # kilopascal [kPa] x 1000 # kips/sq.inch x 6 894 760 meganewtons/sq.metre x 1 000 000 # metres of water x 9806.65 # millibars x 100 # pascals [Pa] 1 millimetres of mercury x 133.322 millimetres of water x 9.806 65 # newtons/sq.centimetre x 10 000 newtons/sq.metre 1 newtons/sq.millimetre x 1 000 000 # pounds-force/sq.foot x 47.880 pounds-force/sq.inch x 6894.757 poundals/sq.foot x 1.448 16 tons(UK)-force/sq.foot x 107 252 tons(UK)-force/sq.inch x 15 444 256 tons(US)-force/sq.foot x 95 760 tons(US)-force/sq.inch x 13 789 500 tonnes-force/sq.cm x 98 066 500 # tonnes-force/sq.metre x 9806.65 # |
The S I compatible unit of speed is metres/second. To change any of these other units of speed into their equivalent values in metres/second use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. Множители отмеченные знаком # - точны, остальные даны приблизительно.
centimetres/minute divide by 6000 # centimetres/second divide by 100 # feet/hour divide by 11 811 feet/minute x 0.005 08 # feet/second x 0.3048 # inches/minute divide by 2362.2 inches/second x 0.0254 # kilometres/hour divide by 3.6 # kilometres/second x 1000 # knots x 0.514 444 Mach number x 331.5 metres/hour divide by 3600 # metres/minute divide by 60 # metres/second [m/s] 1 miles/hour x 0.447 04 # miles/minute x 26.8224 # miles/second x 1609.344 # yards/hour divide by 3937 yards/minute x 0.015 24 # yards/second x 0.9144 # |
The spread rate of a substance is a measure of how much of it there is covering a unit area. The 'how much' can be measured by volume or by mass. The S I compatible unit of spread rate by mass is kilograms/square metre. Поток есть масса, выпавшая на площадь. В тех же единицах - масса на площадь - измеряется поверхностная плотность. Близко - но не тоже самое - давление, там сила на площадь. It is also a measure of area density (mass/unit area) and is similar to - but not the same as - pressure, which is force/unit area. For the rainfall conversions a density of 1 kg/litre has been assumed. To change any of these other units of spread rate into their equivalent values in kilograms/square metre use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. Множители отмеченные знаком # - точны, остальные даны приблизительно. The conversion for rainfall assumes a density of 1 kg/litre which is accurate enough for all practical purposes. Осадки оцениваются в предположении плотности воды 1кг на литр, что достаточно точно для всех практических нужд.
grams/sq.centimetre x 10 # grams/sq.metre divide by 1000 # inches of rainfall x 2.54 kilograms/hectare divide by 10 000 # kilograms/sq.centimetre x 10 000 # milligrams/sq.metre divide by 1000 # millimetres of rainfall 1 kilograms/sq.metre 1 ounces/sq.foot x 0.305 152 ounces/sq.inch x 43.942 ounces/sq.yard divide by 49.494 pounds/acre divide by 8921.791 pounds/sq.foot x 4.882 428 pounds/sq.inch x 703.07 pounds/sq.yard x 0.542 492 tonnes/hectare divide by 10 # tons(UK)/acre divide by 3.982 942 tons(US)/acre divide by 4.460 896 |
The spread rate of a substance is a measure of how much of it there is covering a unit area. The 'how much' can be measured by volume or by mass. The S I compatible unit of spread rate by volume is cubic metres/square metre. Сколько (по объему) вещества приходится нв единицу площади. However, this is a rather large unit for most purposes and so litres/square metre is often preferred. To change any of these other units of spread rate into their equivalent values in litres/square metre use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. Множители отмеченные знаком # - точны, остальные даны приблизительно.
cubic feet/acre divide by 142.913 cubic inches/sq.yard divide by 51.024 cubic yards/sq.mile divide by 3387.577 cubic metres/hectare divide by 10 # cubic metres/sq.km divide by 1000 # cubic metres/sq.metre x 1000 # fl. ounces(UK)/sq.yard divide by 29.428 litres/square metre 1 gallons(UK)/acre divide by 890.184 gallons(US)/acre divide by 1069.066 gallons(UK)/hectare divide by 2199.692 gallons(US)/hectare divide by 2641.721 inches of rainfall x 25.4 # litres/hectare divide by 10 000 # millilitres/sq.metre divide by 1000 # millimetres of rainfall 1 |
The S I compatible unit of torque is the newton metre. To change any of these other units of torque into their equivalent values in newton metres use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. Множители отмеченные знаком # - точны, остальные даны приблизительно.
dyne centimetres divide by 10 000 000 # gram-force centimetres x 0.000 098 066 5 # kg-force centimetres x 0.098 066 5 # kg-force metres x 9.806 65 # newton centimetres divide by 100 # newton metres [Nm] 1 ounce-force inches divide by 141.612 pound-force inches x 0.112 984 pound-force feet x 1.355 818 poundal feet x 0.042 140 ton(UK)-force feet x 3 037.032 ton(US)-force feet x 2 711.636 tonne-force metres x 9 806.65 # |
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Conversion Tables of Units for Science and Engineering The Dent Dictionary of Measurement The Economist Desk Companion The Encyclopaedia Britannica World Weights and Measures |
The Weights and Measures of England by R D Connor H M S O, London, 1987 (422 pages) ISBN 0 460 86137 9 A scholarly and detailed account of the history of the development of the British (Imperial) system of weights and measures from the earliest times. British Weights and Measures The World of Measurements Scientific Unit Conversion |
| The first to be considered must the Official SI
Web-site in France.
In the UK a very good place to make a
start is the Metrication Resource
Site run by Chris Keenan. In the USA the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) is excellent, and there is no shortage of
information concerning units and their conversion. There is even an
excellent 86-page book on the subject (SP 811) which can be read on-line
or downloaded and printed out - but note that Adobe Acrobat Reader
is needed. An excellent A to Z of units is available from this site run by Russ Rowlett at the University of North Carolina. Another account of metrication and associated items which has, in addition, some very good pages on historic measures (Anglo-Saxon, Biblical etc.) is provided by Jack Proot (in Canada) The International Standards Organisation] [I S O] based in Switzerland, is responsible for the world-wide publication of standards for just about anything for which standards can be set. Whilst none of the actual data is online, details of the work of ISO and the publications they produce are. They also give many references to other organisations concerned with standards. |
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